Texturized Anatomies

3D models of root canals textured with computer graphics to resemble pulp tissue

Worldwide Studies: Maxillary Premolars

 Worldwide Assessment of the Root and Root Canal Characteristics of Maxillary Premolars - A Multi-center Cone-beam Computed Tomography Cross-sectional Study With Meta-analysis

Jorge N R Martins; Worldwide Anatomy Research Group; Marco A Versiani

Link to the original publication

Click here to read the paper

Three-rooted maxillary premolar

 A new publication in the IEJ about root canal preparation of three-rooted maxillary premolars

Original link to the article

Click here to read the article in full

New Publication: Systematic Review

For more information click HERE or HERE

Three-Rooted Maxillary Premolar

The following outstanding clinical case was performed by 

Dr. Konstantinos Kalogeropoulos 

and posted in the Facebook page 'Athens Endo'

Click here or on the picture for more details

Below, the anatomy of a similar three-rooted maxillary premolar is detailed

Click here to download an editable Power Point file with all pictures and video

Conservative Endodontic Access - Maxillary Premolar

Conservative Endodontic Access - Maxillary Premolar

The principles of traditional endodontic cavities were established many decades ago and have remained unchanged over time. The principles of traditional endodontic cavities were established many decades ago and have remained unchanged over time. The  emerging concept of conservative endodontic access prioritizes the removal of restorative materials before tooth structure, of enamel before dentin and of occlusal tooth structure before cervical dentin. It disregards the traditional requirements of a straight-line access and complete unroofing of the pulp chamber and it emphasizes the importance of preservation of the crucial pericervical dentin (located 4 mm above and below the crestal bone) to the greatest extent possible.

(for more information: Rajesh Krishan's Thesis from the University of Toronto)

Maxillary First Premolar

Click here to download an editable Power Point file with the movie and all pictures

Three-Rooted Maxillary First Premolar

Click here to download an editable Power Point file with all pictures 

and the movie of the three-rooted maxillary premolar

Maxillary First Premolar

Most commonly birooted, the maxillary first premolar is a transitional tooth between incisor and molar. Read more.

 

Keywords: micro-computed tomography, micro-ct, marco versiani, micro-computer tomography, high resolution x-ray tomography, dental anatomy, root canal anatomy

Maxillary First Premolar

Most commonly birooted, the maxillary first premolar is a transitional tooth between incisor and molar. Loss of the posterior molars subjects the premolars to heavy occlusal loads. Removable appliances increase torque on these frequently clasped teeth, and the additional forces, in concert with deep carious lesions, can induce heavy calcification of the pulp chambers. Early posterior tooth loss often causes rotation, which can complicate the locating of pulp chambers. The canal orifices lie below and slightly central to the cusp tips. The initial opening is in the central fossa and is ovoid in the buccal-palatal dimension. When one orifice has been located, the clinician should look carefully for a developmental groove leading to the opening of another canal. The angulation of the roots may be determined by positioning of the endodontic explorer. Radiographic division of the roots on a routine periapical film often indicates tooth rotation. Divergent roots require less occlusal access extension. Conversely, parallel roots may require removal of tooth structure toward the cusp tips. All caries and leaking restorations must be removed and a suitable temporary restoration placed. Radicular irregularities consist of fused roots with separate canals, fused roots with interconnections or "webbing," fused roots with a common apical foramen, and the unusual but always to be considered three-rooted tooth. In the last situation the buccal orifices are not clearly visible with a mouth mirror. Directional positioning of the endodontic explorer or a small file will identify the anatomy. Cams and Skidmore reported that the incidence of maxillary first premolars with three roots, three canals, and three foramina was 6% of the cases studied. The root is considerably shorter than in the canine, and distal curvature is not uncommon. The apical foramen is usually close to the anatomic apex. Root lengths, if the cusps are intact and used as reference points, are usually the same. The apical portion of the roots often tapers rapidly, ending in extremely narrow and curved root tips. The prevalence of mesial-distal vertical crown or root fracture of the first premolar requires that the clinician remove all restorations at the inception of endodontic therapy and carefully inspect the coronal anatomy with a fiberoptic light. After endodontic treatment, full occlusal coverage is mandatory to ensure against vertical or crown or root fracture (Burns RC, Buchanan LS. Tooth Morphology and Access Openings. Part One: The Art of Endodontics in Pathway of Pulp, 6th Ed. p. 142).

 

 

Keywords: micro-computed tomography, micro-ct, marco versiani, micro-computer tomography, high resolution x-ray tomography, dental anatomy, root canal anatomy